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NPM is one of the great package managers of the JavaScript runtime environment
 Node.js. With the npm, you can easily install packages that are available in
 the npm registry and also maintain your dependencies in a better way.





 There can be many scenarios where you encounter a bug in any package. As a
 possible action, it is highly likely that you will report that bug in the
 Github repository of the package &amp; wait for the fix.





 Mostly the wait time is really long, you literally need to wait for the fix of
 the reported bug. This is understandable for the situations where you can
 actually wait for the fix.





 If we consider today's "agile" approach then in most cases
 you have to fix that bug as soon as possible in order to fulfil the client's
 requirements. Clearly wait is not a desirable option in these cases.





 There are many approaches where you can patch npm package. The easiest way is
 to do it by installing an npm package called "<a
 href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/patch-package"
 target="_blank"
 rel="noreferrer noopener"
 >patch-package</a
 >".




<h2>Patch npm package in simple 4 steps:</h2>



<h3>1. Installation of package</h3>


 Install the <code>patch-package</code> package via NPM or Yarn by executing
 the below commands:




NPM

<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>npm i patch-package</code></pre>

YARN

<pre
 class="wp-block-code"
><code>yarn add patch-package postinstall-postinstall</code></pre>




 You can use <code>--save-dev</code> in case of NPM or <code>--dev</code> in
 case of YARN if you don't need to run npm in production, e.g. if you're making
 a web frontend.




<h3>2. Adding postinstall script in your package.json file.</h3>


 Since we have installed <code>patch-package</code> now we need to add a
 postinstall script in the <code>package.json</code> file as below.


<pre class="wp-block-code"><code> "scripts": {
 "postinstall": "patch-package"
 }</code></pre>


 You can refer to the package documentation if you have a question in your mind
 -
 <a
 href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/patch-package#why-use-postinstall-postinstall-with-yarn"
 >Why are we using postinstall-postinstall</a
 >




<h3>3. Alter the code of the package &amp; Create a patch file.</h3>


 After executing the previous steps, You can change the code of the desired
 package inside the <code>node_modules</code> directory.





 As a next step, you need to create a patch file by executing the below
 command:




NPM:

<pre
 class="wp-block-code"
><code>npx patch-package &lt;package_name&gt; </code></pre>

YARN:

<pre
 class="wp-block-code"
><code>yarn patch-package &lt;package_name&gt; </code></pre>




 This will create a patch file inside the patches directory. For better
 tracking you can commit this patch to your github repository by executing the
 following command.


<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>git add .
git commit -m "Created a patch for bug related to Next.js Module"
git push origin &lt;remote&gt;</code></pre>



<h3>4. Final Steps</h3>


 Woho! You have created your first patch of an NPM Package. Now as the part of
 last step, you need to apply your fix to the package manager by executing the
 below command.




<pre class="wp-block-code"><code> npm install or yarn install</code></pre>



<h2>DEMO</h2>




 As part of our demo, Let's add a code in Next.js library. We will create a
 demo next project:


<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>npx create-next-app demo-next</code></pre>

<figure class="wp-block-image size-large">
 <img
 src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Installing_Next_JS-1024x227.png"
 alt="Creating a next project"
 class="wp-image-2704"
 />
</figure>

We will open the same in an editor - visual studio code.

<figure class="wp-block-image size-large">
 <img
 src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Visual-Studio-Code-Next-1024x589.png"
 alt="Visual Studio Code"
 class="wp-image-2705"
 />
</figure>


 As we have learned in this article, we will install the package
 <code>patch-package</code>


<figure class="wp-block-image size-full">
 <img
 src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Patch-Package-Installation.png"
 alt="Installing patch npm package"
 class="wp-image-2706"
 />
</figure>


 We will now add the postinstall in the script section of
 <code>package.json</code> file.


<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized">
 <img
 src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Adding-PostInstall.png"
 alt="Adding postinstall in the script section of package.json"
 class="wp-image-2707"
 width="532"
 height="445"
 />
</figure>


 Let's add some code to any next package file
 <code>node_modules</code> directory.


<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized">
 <img
 src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Code-Changed-Node-Modules-1024x595.png"
 alt="Added Patch npm package"
 class="wp-image-2708"
 width="729"
 height="424"
 />
</figure>


 We will now create a patch for this change, by executing the command shown in
 the screenshot below.


<figure class="wp-block-image size-full">
 <img
 src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Patch-Creation.png"
 alt="creating a patch"
 class="wp-image-2709"
 />
</figure>


 If you will notice your project folder structure, a new directory
 <code>patches</code> has been added.




<figure class="wp-block-image size-full">
 <img
 src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Patch-Folder.png"
 alt="Created a Patches directory"
 class="wp-image-2710"
 />
</figure>

As a final step, lets execute the npm install for applying patch.

<figure class="wp-block-image size-full">
 <img
 src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Npm-Install.png"
 alt="npm install"
 class="wp-image-2711"
 />
</figure>



Now we will run the application &amp; test our patch :)



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large">
 <img
 src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Final_Demo-1024x413.png"
 alt="Testing Changes"
 class="wp-image-2712"
 />
</figure>



If you have any question, feel free to post in comment section below.


 <a href="https://ittwist.com/blog/best-linux-distros"
 >Check out our Latest Best Linux Picks</a
 >

NPM is one of the great package managers of the JavaScript runtime environment Node.js. In this article you will learn easy ways to patch npm package.

4 Easy steps to patch npm package

Flask is a micro web framework written in Python, released in April 2010, and is developed by Armin Ronacher. Heroku is a cloud platform that allows developers to deploy their apps online free of cost. This article contains step-by-step instructions to walk you through deploying your flask app to Heroku.











<h2>1. Prerequisites</h2>



The basic requirements for getting started with the deployment is:



- <a href="https://www.python.org/downloads/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Installing Python</a>



-<a href="https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-Installing-Git" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Installing Git</a> (Best for Source Code &amp; Version Control Management)



- Signup for an account of Heroku:







You can create an account on Heroku by referring to the <a href="https://signup.heroku.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://signup.heroku.com/</a> link.



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Signup_Heroku-1024x504.png" alt="Deploy flask app to Heroku - Signup on Heroku"/></figure>



<h2>&nbsp;</h2>



<h2>2. Installing Heroku CLI</h2>



You can configure almost everything from Heroku GUI but It's preferred to install Heroku CLI since it is highly flexible.



If you are using macOS, install Heroku via brew.







<code>brew tap heroku/brew &amp;&amp; brew install heroku</code>







For Linux, you can install it by executing the below command.







<code>curl https://cli-assets.heroku.com/install.sh | sh</code>







You can refer to the below guide for more information on the Installation of Heroku CLI.







<a href="https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/heroku-cli" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Installing Heroku CLI - macOS, Windows, and Linux</a>







<h2>3. Creating Flask application</h2>







Let's create a minimal flask application following the below steps.







<h3>Create Flask Working Directory</h3>



Create a directory of flask:







<code>mkdir &lt;app_name&gt;</code>



<code>cd &lt;app_name&gt;</code>







<h3>Creating a Virtual Environment</h3>







You can create a python virtual environment by executing the below command.







<code>python -m venv venv</code>







If you are on Linux/Mac you can execute the below command for activating your virtual environment.







<code>source /venv/bin/activate</code>







For Windows, you can execute the below command:







<code>venvScriptsactivate.bat</code>







<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Activating-Virtual-Environment.png" alt="Deploy flask app to Heroku - Activating Virtual Environment"/></figure>







<h3>Installing flask, requests, and Gunicorn</h3>







Since we have created a virtual environment, now we will proceed ahead with the installation of the flask package.



Since we also need Gunicorn (Green Unicorn) which is a Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI) primarily used to run flask applications.







<code>pip install flask request gunicorn</code>











<div class="doyouknow" style="background:lightpink; border-radius:20px; padding:25px">
Do you know?
<div>Flask has a built-in web server but it's not suitable for production. A real web server is able to communicate with Flask application via WSGI (Web Server Gateway Interface) and Gunicorn is a common choice.</div>
</div> 



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Installing-Dependencies.png" alt="Deploy flask app to Heroku - Installing Dependencies"/></figure>



<h3>Writing Flask app</h3>



Since we have all the dependencies installed to get started writing our flask application. Let's start with creating a new file - say <code>main.py</code>.



Let's add the following contents.







<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
 
@app.route('/')
def index():
 return '&lt;h1&gt;Hello World&lt;/h1&gt;'

if __name__ == "__main__":
 app.run(debug=True, port=5000)</code></pre>







<h3>Running flask application</h3>







You can locally test your application by running the following command.







<code>python main.py</code>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Local_test.png" alt="Local Test"/></figure>







<h2>4. Preparing to Deploy flask app to Heroku</h2>



Our flask application is ready now we just need to deploy it to Heroku.







<h3>Creating requirements.txt</h3>







Now let's freeze all the requirements inside requirements.txt by executing the below command on the command line.







<code>pip freeze &gt; requirements.txt</code>







We are doing this for making sure that all of the required packages are installed while deploying the application.







<h3>Creating a Procfile for Gunicorn</h3>







For deploying the application on Heroku, we need to include a&nbsp;Procfile inside our project root directory. This will specify the command that is needed on startup for the execution by the app.



We can create a Procfile by executing the following command.







<code>web: gunicorn &lt;app_name&gt;:app</code>







Since in our case, the starting point of the application name is main.py. So we need to write- <code>web: gunicorn main:app</code>



To create the Procfile from the command line. You can simply execute the following command.



<code>echo web: gunicorn main:app &gt;&gt; Procfile</code>







<h2>5. Deploying flask application to Heroku Platform.</h2>







<h3>Login via Heroku CLI</h3>







First and foremost, we need to log in to Heroku.







<code>heroku login</code>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Heroku_login_Command.png" alt="Heroku Login Command"/></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image is-resized"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Login_Page_Heroku-1024x493.png" alt="Login Page Heroku" width="657" height="316"/></figure>







<h3>Creating Heroku App</h3>







You can create a Heroku app in 2 ways. One is via GUI and another one is via CLI.







<h4>Graphical Way:</h4>



From GUI you can create an application by visiting <a href="https://dashboard.heroku.com/new-app" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://dashboard.heroku.com/new-app</a>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Heroku_Create_App-1024x562.png" alt="Heroku Create App"/></figure>







<h4>CLI Way:</h4>







From CLI you can create an application by executing the following command on your terminal.







<code>heroku create &lt;app-name&gt;</code>







<h3>Deploy flask app to Heroku via git</h3>



<h4>Adding Heroku App to Remote:</h4>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>git init
heroku git:remote -a &lt;app-name&gt;
git remote -v</code></pre>



Deploying:







<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>git add .
git commit -m "Intial Commit"
git push heroku master</code></pre>







<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Deploying_App_git.png" alt="Deploying App"/></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Deployment_Final.png" alt="Deployment Final"/></figure>



That's it for the tutorial of the "Deploy flask app to Heroku". Now your application should be live.



<a href="https://testing-app-heroku-ittwist.herokuapp.com/">https://testing-app-heroku-ittwist.herokuapp.com/</a>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Final_Live.png" alt="Deploy flask app to Heroku - Final Live"/></figure>



<h2>6. Deploying Heroku app via Github:</h2>



Instead of Heroku Git, you can also deploy your application to Heroku via Github.



You can push the existing Heroku application to Git Repository on Github by the following command:







<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>git add .
git commit -m "Initial Commit"
git remote add origin &lt;Remote Github Repository&gt;
git branch -M main
git push -u origin main</code></pre>







After this, you can deploy your application from the Heroku GUI, following Github as a Deployment method.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image is-resized"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Heroku_Deployment_Github-1024x590.png" alt="Heroku Deployment Github" width="608" height="349"/></figure>



If you have any questions or suggestions regarding this article, please feel free to write in the comment section below. We have also some interesting articles on Linux - <a href="https://ittwist.com/blog/best-linux-distros" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Best Linux Distros that you should try in 2021</a>.

Flask is a popular web application framework. Heroku is a cloud platform for hosting applications. In this article, learn to deploy flask app to Heroku.

Deploy flask app to Heroku

In this article, we will explore the <a href="https://spark.apache.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">apache spark</a> architecture and terminologies. Before diving into the architecture let's start with the introduction &amp; basic Terminologies of Apache Spark.



 Apache spark is a beautiful framework for distributed data processing used for manipulating data at scale. Apache spark has strong support &amp; can be coded easily by using any modern programming language like Java, Scala, Python, etc. 



Spark can be easily integrated with any resource manager like YARN, MESOS, etc. Additionally, It is a highly powerful framework that makes data computations or operations at scale easier.







<h2>Interesting Facts about Apache Spark:</h2>



<ul><li>Firstly, You can easily write a code which has a potential to transform &amp; process the data at scale.</li><li>Spark is 100x faster than Hadoop MapReduce on memory &amp; 10x faster on disk.</li></ul>







<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-48-1024x563.png" alt="Spark Components" class="wp-image-2412" width="768" height="422"/></figure>







<h2>Core Concepts &amp; Terminologies:</h2>



Before beginning the architecture, let's explore the core concepts &amp; terminologies about apache spark.







1. Partitions: 



A partition in spark is a logical division of the data that is stored on a disk. It is the building block of apache spark. The collection of partitions constitutes RDD (we will explore RDD after the core concepts).



2. Job: 



A job is a code that reads the input from the HDFS or local, performs some computation on the data &amp; returns a result.







3. Stages: 



A division of Job into a unit known as a stage. Generally, the computation in spark happens in multiple stages.







4. Task:



Every stage of spark has a task associated with it. However, each task executes over one partition across an executor.







5. Execution plan:



An execution plan contains information about how execution will happen.







6. Directed Acyclic Graph or DAG:



Spark inbuilt create a DAG for optimization of the execution plan. We have covered details of DAG in the below section. 







7. Task Scheduler:



A task scheduler is having great importance in the appropriate handling of resources. Moreover, it is responsible for sending tasks to the cluster manager, executing them on the cluster, and retrying on the failure.







8. Cluster Manager:



The importance of a cluster manager is to allocate and deallocate the resources on the nodes of a cluster. Some famous cluster managers are Mesos, YARN, or Spark standalone.







9. Driver Program:



A driver program is responsible for scheduling the jobs on the cluster and communicating with the cluster manager.







10. Executors:



Executors are the actual worker nodes that execute a task as scheduled by the driver program.







11. Spark Context:



A Spark context is used for setting up a connection to the Spark cluster. A spark context is generally created in a driver program &amp; is used to create RDD, accumulator, or broadcasting variables.







<hr class="wp-block-separator"/>







We have covered all the core concepts and terminologies about Apache Spark. Now let's understand one of the important concepts of Apache Spark i.e. RDD.







<h2>RDD (Resilient Distributed Dataset):</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Saved-1024x823.jpg" alt="RDD in Spark" class="wp-image-2425" width="768" height="617"/><figcaption> </figcaption></figure>



Resilient Distributed Dataset is the fundamental data structure of spark. I would say RDD is the heart of spark which is a fault-tolerant collection of elements that can be operated in parallel. RDD can also be cached &amp; manually partitioned. Spark keeps persistent RDD in memory in default but it can also be spill to the disk in case of low RAM.







NOTE: RDD is immutable, which means you cannot change the original one.







RDD supports 2 types of Operations:



<ol><li>Transformations</li><li>Actions</li></ol>







<h3>1. Transformations:</h3>



Transformations are the functions that take RDD as an input and return one or more RDD as an output. These are the lazy operation in RDD. Generally, it returns one or more RDD &amp; executes when an action is encountered. Correspondingly, this is one of the elegant features of spark as it improves performance.







There are two types of transformations.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Saved-2-1024x660.jpg" alt="Types of transformations in Spark" class="wp-image-2427" width="512" height="330"/></figure>



a. Narrow Transformations: 



In this only limited partitions are used to compute the results. In other words, An output RDD has partitions with records that originate from a single partition in the parent RDD. For Example - map, filter, etc.



Narrow transformations are always faster.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Saved-4-1024x869.jpg" alt="Narrow transformations in Spark" class="wp-image-2430" width="512" height="435"/></figure>



b. Wide Transformations



In wide transformation, the data required to compute the records in a single partition may reside in many partitions of the parent RDD. Hence in the case of these transformations, It might be required to shuffle data around different nodes when creating new partitions. For Example - Joins, Cartesian, etc.



Wide transformations are slower as compared to narrow transformations.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Saved-5-1024x938.jpg" alt="Wide Transformation in Spark" class="wp-image-2431" width="512" height="469"/></figure>



<h3>2. Actions:</h3>



As we have seen in the previous section, all of the transformations are lazy which means they do not execute right away. In contrast, actions are the functions that actually trigger the transformation execution. For Example. - count, collect, max, min, etc.







As shown in the image below, when we are applying transformations e.g. map, filter, etc, a new RDD is created. When we apply some action e.g count, reduce, max, etc. an execution occurs.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Unnamed-1024x703.jpg" alt="Transformations &amp; Actions - Spark" class="wp-image-2434" width="768" height="527"/></figure>



Hence, Actions are Spark RDD operations that give non-RDD values. In like manner, The values of action are stored to drivers or to the external storage system. Action&nbsp;is one of the ways of sending data from&nbsp;the Executer&nbsp;to the&nbsp;driver.&nbsp;As we have seen in the core concepts &amp; terminologies that Executors are agents that are responsible for executing a task. While the driver is a JVM process that coordinates workers and execution of the task.



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code># The below line will find out spark
import findspark
findspark.init()
# Creating Spark Context
from pyspark import SparkContext
sc = SparkContext("local", "Demonstration App")
text_file = sc.textFile("integerlist.txt")
# Below is the transformation step - Lazy Evaluation
double = text_file.map(lambda value:value*2)
# Below is the action that triggers execution
output = counts.collect()
# Stopping Spark Context
sc.stop()</code></pre>



<h2>Apache Spark Architecture &amp; Working:</h2>



We have covered the core concepts of Apache Spark, now let's understand the full architecture of Apache Spark which will give you enough insights that how Apache Spark internally works.







Apache spark uses master-slave architecture, one central coordinator, and many distributed workers. The central coordinator or master is also called the driver. The driver communicates with many slaves or workers, typically called executors.







<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Unnamed-2-1024x1024.jpg" alt="Apache Spark Architecture - Ittwist" class="wp-image-2441" width="768" height="768"/></figure>







Typically, when the user submits an application using spark-submit. In spark-submit, the main() method is invoked thereby launching the driver. When the job enters the driver, it converts the code into a logical directed acyclic graph (DAG). 



Directed Acyclic Graph&nbsp;is an arrangement of&nbsp;edges and vertices. In this graph, vertices indicate RDDs, and edges refer to the operations applied on the RDD. 



When an action of RDD is called, the created DAG is submitted to DAG Scheduler, which further divides the graph into the stages of the jobs. 



In this phase, the conversion of a logical execution plan to a physical execution plan occurs. Additionally, it creates small execution units under each stage referred to as tasks. Then it collects all tasks and sends them to the cluster.







The primary responsibilities of the DAG scheduler are:



<ul><li>To complete the computation and execution of stages for a job. Additionally, Keeping track of RDDs and run jobs in minimum time and assigns jobs to the task scheduler.</li></ul>



<ul><li>Launching the tasks on executors via cluster manager.</li></ul>







The driver asks for the resources from the cluster manager. The cluster manager launches executors on behalf of the driver. The executors process the task and the result sends back to the driver through the cluster manager.







<h3>Example:</h3>



I hope you got enough clarity now. Let's revisit it all with a help of an example. Firstly, let's suppose we have only the below step in our spark program.



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>rdd1.join(rdd2)
 .groupBy(�)
 .filter(�) </code></pre>



Now when the user will submit the application via spark-submit &amp; main() method is invoked which thereby launches a driver program. A directed acyclic graph is made where the vertices are RDD &amp; edges are the operations.



When an action is called say <code>rdd1.collect()</code>, the DAG is submitted to the DAG scheduler which thereby divides the graphs into stages. Furthermore, Small execution units are created under each stage and are submitted to the cluster where the cluster manager plays an important role for resources.



Refer to the diagram below:



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Unnamed-4-1024x545.jpg" alt="Apache Spark Architecture - Ittwist" class="wp-image-2444"/></figure>



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">Tip: Always remember RDD -&gt; Stages -&gt; Tasks</blockquote>



<h3>Conclusion - Apache Spark Architecture Diagram:</h3>



In conclusion, you can refer to this diagram which clearly explains all components in apache spark.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Unnamed-5-1024x439.jpg" alt="Apache Spark Architecture - Ittwist" class="wp-image-2446"/></figure>







Finally, That's it for this article, if you have any queries or suggestions please feel free to write in the comment section below. 







<a href="https://ittwist.com/blog/best-linux-distros">Check out our Latest Best Linux Picks</a>

This article introduce you to Apache spark architecture and its various terminologies. Get a full insights about how Apache spark works under the hood.

Apache Spark Architecture, Working & Terminologies

<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">In this article, Let's learn how to set up GitHub personal access token. <a href="http://github.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Github</a> has officially announced - Support for password authentication was removed on August 13, 2021. Please use a personal access token instead.<cite>So you might get an error if you are using password authentication - "fatal: unable to access repo: The requested URL returned error: 403"</cite></blockquote>







<h3>Set up Github Personal Access Token:</h3>







<ol><li>Login to your Github account &amp; Go to Settings.</li></ol>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-39-1024x502.png" alt="Github Repo Page" class="wp-image-2387"/></figure>







2. Go to Developer Settings Tab.







<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-40-1024x502.png" alt="Github Settings" class="wp-image-2388"/></figure>







3. Click on Personal Access Token.







<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-41-1024x502.png" alt="Setting up GitHub Personal Access Token - Ittwist" class="wp-image-2389"/></figure>







4. Generate a new token by clicking on the "Generate New Token" button, then you need to give a note of your token, Expiration Date &amp; Scope of the token.







<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-42-1024x502.png" alt="Setting up GitHub Personal Access Token - Ittwist" class="wp-image-2390"/></figure>







5. Click on Generate token button on the bottom, then your token will be finally generated. You can copy the same.







<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-43-1024x502.png" alt="Setting up GitHub Personal Access Token - Ittwist" class="wp-image-2391"/></figure>











Now let's cover how to use this personal access token for the two scenarios, one is - if you have a new repository or the other one - if you have already cloned the old repository.







<h3>Use Personal Access Token on New Repository:</h3>







If you have a brand new repository that you have just cloned, you can simply push your changes by providing your password as a token in the prompt.







<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>$ git clone https://github.com/username/repo.git
Username: enter_your_username
Password: enter_your_token</code></pre>







<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-44.png" alt="Setting up GitHub Personal Access Token - Ittwist" class="wp-image-2393"/></figure>







<h3>Use Personal Access Token on Existing Repository:</h3>







If you have an already cloned repository you can change the URL of the same by executing the below command.







<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>git remote set-url origin https://YOUR_TOKEN@github.com/USERNAME/REPO.git</code></pre>







<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-45.png" alt="Setting up GitHub Personal Access Token - Ittwist" class="wp-image-2397"/></figure>







Now, you can easily commit your changes, please find the below screenshot for your reference.







<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-46.png" alt="Setting up GitHub Personal Access Token - Ittwist" class="wp-image-2398"/></figure>



That's it for this article, if you have any queries or suggestions please write them down in the comment section below.







<a href="https://ittwist.com/blog/best-linux-distros">Check out our Latest Best Linux Picks</a>

GitHub has officially deprecated the password authentication, this article will provide you the steps for setting up the GitHub personal access token.

How to Set up Github Personal Access Token

In this article, Let's learn how to boot windows from grub rescue screen. Linux is the best platform available on the planet, it offers great customization. A highly customizable platform like Linux offers enormous benefits but has only one downside that it can potentially break your system and you can eventually land up in <a href="http://linux.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Linux</a> grub rescue screen. If you are looking to boot Linux from grub rescue you can refer to this <a href="https://ittwist.com/blog/how-to-boot-linux-from-grub-rescue/">article</a>.











<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/How-to-boot-windows-from-grub-rescue-Ittwist-1024x573.jpeg" alt="boot windows from grub rescue - ittwist" class="wp-image-2267"/></figure>



<h3>Steps for how to boot windows from grub rescue.</h3>







<h4>Step 1 - Listing Partitions from Grub Rescue:</h4>



First, we need to find out our EFI partition or the partition where your boot files are stored. In order to find that we need to see the available partition, so simply execute the <code>ls</code> command.



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ls</code></pre>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/How-to-boot-windows-from-grub-rescue-LS-Ittwist-1024x469.jpeg" alt="boot windows from grub rescue - ittwist" class="wp-image-2268"/></figure>



<h4>Step 2 - Listing EFI Partition from Grub Rescue</h4>



In the first step, we have got our directory listing. Now, we need to find the appropriate partitions where our boot files reside. Typically it resides in a partition that is very small in size (typically less than 1GB) and having an EFI/ partition in it. So, In order to find that you can simply execute the <code>ls (hdx,gpty)/ </code>one by one. 



Note: You need to replace x with the hard disk number, and y with the partition number.



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ls (hdx,gpty)/</code></pre>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/image-114-1024x391.png" alt="boot windows from grub rescue - ittwist" class="wp-image-2269"/></figure>



For me, the same is found in <code>(hd0,gpt1)</code>







<h4>Step 3 - Select the EFI Partition</h4>



Since we have found the partition, now we need to select the partition. So simply execute the below command.







<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>set root=(hdx,gpty)</code></pre>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/image-115-1024x367.png" alt="boot windows from grub rescue - ittwist" class="wp-image-2270"/></figure>



<h4>Step 4 - Chainloading the Windows EFI File.</h4>



Now, we have selected the partition in which our boot files are present, now we need to execute the command <code>chainloader</code> for loading a boot file, so we can boot from that.



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>chainloader /efi/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfwi.efi</code></pre>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/image-116-1024x389.png" alt="boot windows from grub rescue - ittwist" class="wp-image-2271"/></figure>



<h4>Step 5 - Boot Windows from Grub rescue:</h4>



Finally, you are all set to boot windows from grub rescue. Just we need to execute the below command.



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>boot</code></pre>







<h3>Conclusion - Boot windows:</h3>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>ls
ls (hdx,gpty)/
set root=(hdx,gpty)
chainloader /efi/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfwi.efi
boot</code></pre>



That's it for this article, If you have any queries or suggestion please write down in comment section below.







<a href="https://ittwist.com/blog/best-linux-distros">Check out our Latest Best Linux Picks</a>

Stuck at Linux Grub Rescue! Lets discover in this detailed article, how to boot windows from grub rescue.

How to boot windows from grub rescue?

<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">Making data easier to read, preprocessing, and removing the noisy data is the Data Scientists day to day tasks. Pandas is the open-source library used by Machine Learning people for Data Analysis and Manipulation. Let's learn it in this pandas tutorial. </blockquote>



<figure class="wp-block-image is-resized"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/pandas_logo.png" alt="Complete Pandas Tutorial from Start to End - Chapter 1" class="wp-image-1691" width="580" height="120"/></figure>



If you are starting your machine learning journey. You will come across the buzzword called <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pandas</a>. So In this article, you will experience the complete Pandas tutorial from Start to End. 



I have divided the post into three Chapters - <a href="https://www.ittwist.com/blog/complete-pandas-tutorial-from-start-to-end-chapter-1/" rel="nofollow">Chapter 1</a>, <a href="https://www.ittwist.com/blog/complete-pandas-tutorial-from-start-to-end-chapter-2/" rel="nofollow">Chapter 2</a>, <a href="https://www.ittwist.com/blog/complete-pandas-tutorial-from-start-to-end-chapter-final/" rel="nofollow">Final Chapter</a>



 



<h3>Contents of Pandas Tutorial Chapter 1:</h3>



<ul><li>Why we need Pandas Library.</li><li>Introduction to Data frames and Series</li><li>Different ways to Import a Dataset in Pandas</li></ul>



 



1. Why we need Pandas Library:



The Initial step of machine learning is to gather the data, then we need to prepare the data. So, in order to perform the Data analysis and manipulation easier we need Pandas. Internally pandas library is built on top of Numpy and Matplotlib.



When we import the data from the different sources, we may need to join them together into a single place, do some statistical data analysis, and dealing with the missing or noisy data. Pandas can do it all for you, the library is pretty helpful.



 



Importing the library:



 <code>import pandas as pd </code>



 



2. Introduction to Data frame and Series.



Before we practically deep dive into Pandas, let's understand the data structures of Dataframe and Series.



 



Series: 



 



Series is a one-dimensional array holding any one data type i.e. int, string, float, Python objects, etc. 



Syntax of Series: 



<code>series = pd.Series(data= YOUR_DATA , index= INDEX)</code>



The index plays an important role as it is the axis label of data. The length of "data" should be equivalent to the length of the index. Note It's okay, if you don't specify the index, in such case pandas will create an automatic index for you having values [0,1,2,3 .... N], where N is the length of the data.



 



Tips:



 



You can specify the Series data and index individually using a list, or you can specify the python dict which has key-value pairs, the key will represent the index, and the value will represent the data values.



 



Examples:



 



1 Way : (Series Created with Index and Data)



<script src="https://gist.github.com/pygaurav/f50ec385c97782b05f60f6f879a08aca.js"></script>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/image-3.png" alt="Complete Pandas Tutorial from Start to End - Chapter 1" class="wp-image-1673"/></figure>



 



2 Way : (Series Created with dict having key as index and values as data points)



 



<script src="https://gist.github.com/pygaurav/b4faa52bd578c83a3a9761f2523344a5.js"></script>



 



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/image-2.png" alt="Complete Pandas Tutorial from Start to End - Chapter 1" class="wp-image-1672"/></figure>



 



Way 3: (Series without index) 



 



<script src="https://gist.github.com/pygaurav/5c5c2c9f53dcf4afe8e24415107b2f49.js"></script>



 



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/image-4.png" alt="Complete Pandas Tutorial from Start to End - Chapter 1" class="wp-image-1676"/></figure>



 



Note: You can try out adding two series, you can see the elements having similar indexes will get added.



An example that you can try out:



<script src="https://gist.github.com/pygaurav/ecb4d792b738f428f034fb7c514791ca.js"></script>



 



Having a question? What if we add two series that differ in indexes. Let's try it out.



 



<script src="https://gist.github.com/pygaurav/9917305be519e7cdd59b80df27acc5c2.js"></script>



 



As all indexes are not the same, so the result will produce null values.



 



Data frames:



 



Dataframe is 2 dimensional labeled data structure with columns of different data types. You can think of a spreadsheet with columns and rows. Each column can hold a different data type. We can also say the Dataframes are a collection of series.



Syntax:



<code>pd.DataFrame(data= DATA_GOES_HERE)</code>



 



Example:



 



<script src="https://gist.github.com/pygaurav/2c6847289b24cc10614caa59aa48cdef.js"></script>



As you can clearly see we have passed a collection of series to data frame specifying column names.



 



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/image-5.png" alt="Complete Pandas Tutorial from Start to End - Chapter 1" class="wp-image-1685"/></figure>



 



Now you are done with the basic data structures of Pandas. 



 Before we head towards importing Dataset in pandas, We have a head function in data frame <code>df.head()</code> , which helps in returning the top 5 rows of the data frame. You can alter this "5" number say 10, you use <code>df.head(10)</code> 



 



3. Different ways to Import a Dataset in Pandas 



 



Since we have completed the basics, In the real world data we have to read the data of the various formats. So, now we will learn how to import various formats of data to a Pandas Data Frame. 



Just a recap, we have series which has 1 dimension data and Dataframe has 2 dimensional labeled data with columns.



 



Importing a CSV File.



<code>df = pd.read_csv("https://URLGoesHere")</code>



Importing an Excel File.



<code>df = pd.read_excel("https://remote_url")</code>



 



Similarly, we can import the data of various formats. Different functions are available in pandas such as:



read_clipboard, read_feather, read_html, read_json, read_sas, read_sql, read_table etc.



 



Example:



<script src="https://gist.github.com/pygaurav/4f49455e6f9dcf374429a8992f7208d2.js"></script>



 



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/image-6.png" alt="Complete Pandas Tutorial from Start to End - Chapter 1" class="wp-image-1687"/></figure>



 



Congrats ! You have covered the first chapter of the Pandas Tutorial series. 



If you have any comments and suggestions, please drop a comment below.

In this pandas tutorial, we will cover Pandas Library, Introduction to Data frames and Series in Pandas and different ways to Import a Dataset in Pandas.

Complete Pandas Tutorial from Start to End - Chapter 1

In this article, we will learn how to set environment variables in Linux permanently. There are different shells available for <a href="https://linux.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Linux</a> like <code>bash</code>,<code> zsh</code>, <code>bourne</code>, <code>ksh</code>, <code>csh</code> or <code>tcsh</code> In order to set an environment permanently, one thing is clear we need to write it in a specific file so that it will be persistent. 



Now we will understand basically in which file we need to add our environment variables. For this, we need to deep dive into different shells: 



<div class="wp-block-group">
<h4>1. Login Shell: </h4>



The login shell runs as a part of the login of the user to the system. Typically when you enter the <kbd>CTRL</kbd> + <kbd>ALT</kbd> + <kbd>F1</kbd> key you will enter a virtual terminal or SSH to a different machine i.e. a login shell. 



Also, If you run a login shell it executes a number of files on startup. This can influence how your system behaves and you have to put your environment variables in these files. The files that run in order are:



<ul><li><code>/etc/profile</code> </li></ul>



<ul><li><code>~/.bash_profile</code></li></ul>



<ul><li><code>~/.bash_login</code></li></ul>



<ul><li><code>~/.profile</code></li></ul>



First <code>/etc/profile</code> is checked for existence, if it exists then it is referenced, otherwise<code> ~/.bash_profile</code> is checked for existence and if it exists then it is referenced, otherwise <code>~/.bash_login</code> and so on till <code>~/.profile</code>
</div>



<h4>2. Non-login Shell: </h4>



Any other shell that runs by the user after logging on, or which is run by any automated process which is not tied to a logged-in user. When you open any terminal from your Linux distro like gnome-terminal i.e a Non-Login shell.



<h4>3. Interactive Shell: </h4>



 Interactive means that the commands are run with user interaction from the keyboard. Let's say when you log in to a system, then you specified a shell to be executed say bash. That is an interactive shell.



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>root:~$ bash</code></pre>



An interactive (bash) shell executes the file<code> .bashrc</code> so you have to put any relevant variables or settings in this file.



<h4>4. Non-interactive Shell: </h4>



A non-interactive shell is a shell that can not interact with the user. It's most often run from a script. This means that <code>.bashrc</code> and <code>.profile</code> are not executed. Non-interactive shells often influence your PATH variable. 



NOTE: It is always a best practice to use the full path for a command but even more so in non-interactive shells.







Now, You might have one question, How to identify you are on Login shell or Non-Login shell?



Simply open a terminal and execute the below command.



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>root:~$ echo $0</code></pre>



If it returned a result with a hyphen then you are in a login shell &amp; when it doesn't return a result with a hyphen then you are in non-login shell.



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/image-21.png" alt="How to set environment variables in Linux permanently" class="wp-image-2028" width="590" height="421"/><figcaption>Non Login Shell</figcaption></figure></div>



There might be some scenarios, if you log in to bash using a terminal or terminal emulator like putty, then the session is both a login shell and an interactive one and If you then type bash then you enter an interactive shell, but it is a non-login shell. If we run a shell script, then it is neither a login shell nor an interactive one but a non-interactive shell.



I am confident now it is clear to you what is the theory about shell is &amp; which file you should write your environment variables to. We have provided some of the examples below.



<h3>How to set environment variables in Linux permanently</h3>



<h3>Login Shell</h3>



<h4>bash</h4>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>vim ~/.profile
#You can write this lines in the bottom of the file 
export VARIABLE_NAME=PATH_NAME
</code></pre>



<h4>zsh</h4>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>vim ~/.zprofile
#You can write this lines in the bottom of the file 
export VARIABLE_NAME=PATH_NAME
</code></pre>



<h4>bourne</h4>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>vim ~/.profile
#You can write this lines in the bottom of the file 
VARIABLE_NAME=PATH_NAME 
export VARIABLE_NAME
</code></pre>



<h4>csh or tcsh</h4>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>vim ~/.login
#You can write this lines in the bottom of the file 
setenv VARIABLE_NAME=PATH_NAME </code></pre>



<h4>ksh</h4>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>vim ~/.profile
#You can write this lines in the bottom of the file 
export VARIABLE_NAME=PATH_NAME
</code></pre>



Make sure to re-login the user, to apply the changes.



<h4>Example:</h4>



I am currently in <code>zsh</code> (non-login), as the output of <code>echo $0</code> is not having hyphen. Now I will export the environment variable $WORD in <code>~/.zprofile</code> as shown in the image below. Now, I need to re-login the user and check the variable value in the login shell.



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/image-22.png" alt="How to set environment variables in Linux permanently?" class="wp-image-2035" width="786" height="315"/></figure></div>



After, I logged in to the Login shell, the value is coming right as Jojo.



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/image-23.png" alt="How to set environment variables in Linux permanently?" class="wp-image-2036" width="248" height="186"/></figure></div>



<h3>Non-Login Interactive Shell </h3>



<h4>Bash</h4>



<pre id="block-29b3eab4-c271-4aa7-8b16-d061240ff11e" class="wp-block-code"><code>vim ~/.bashrc
#You can write this lines in the bottom of the file 
export VARIABLE_NAME=PATH_NAME</code></pre>



<h4>Zsh</h4>



<pre id="block-b8ecd29e-82ee-49a8-988a-bb62d90afeb0" class="wp-block-code"><code>vim ~/.zshrc
#You can write this lines in the bottom of the file 
export VARIABLE_NAME=PATH_NAME</code></pre>



Make sure to restart the shell, to apply the changes.



<h4>Example:</h4>



In the non-login interactive mode, I will simply add the environment variable to <code>~/.zshrc</code> and will restart the shell.







<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/image-24.png" alt="How to set environment variables in Linux permanently?" class="wp-image-2037" width="590" height="299"/></figure></div>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/image-25.png" alt="How to set environment variables in Linux permanently?" class="wp-image-2038" width="590" height="286"/></figure></div>



I hope you are now well versed with setting the environment variables. If you have any queries or suggestions please feel free to write in the comments section below. If you are looking for the most useful commands of Linux for developers you can refer to this <a href="https://ittwist.com/blog/10-useful-linux-commands-part1/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">article</a>. Thanks.

In this article, you will learn in-depth about various shells and how to set environment variables in Linux permanently.

How to set environment variables in Linux permanently?

In today's technological world, the demand for software developers is increasing day by day. Research suggests, most of the new software developers lack key competency skills, which are much needed in the Information Technology industries. I have collated some of the points that are the much-needed golden top tips for new developers and IT Students. For making this article, I also connected with many experts serving in the industries for a pretty long time &amp; took their valuable insights as well. I would suggest you, please read the article thoroughly as it can potentially help you in brushing up your skills.



<h3>Let's begin with the top tips for new developers</h3>



Now, let's start with the useful tips for new developers. I see many new developers or want to be developers waste a lot of their time in thinking a question that which programming language should I choose, they try to confine themselves to any programming language. I would say, If you ask developers of Big IT organizations, they don't have any defined programming languages instead they use the best of the world (Combinations of many). The programming language that fits best in the given criteria they select them. For example, you can use Python for data analysis and C++ for any other task. 



What we suggest, you should invest your time in practicing the basics using any programming language. The basics will be always the same no matter which programming language you use. 



<h4>#1 Tip - Reading Official Documentations and Books:</h4>



Many developers only use video tutorials for diving deep into any framework or programming language but they don't refer to any official documentation and books. I will not say it is bad since videos are also one of the best sources ( a picture says a thousand words than a text), but I would still say Video tutorials are just for your reference. Being a YouTuber myself, I also love to create video content for my subscribers (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/ittwist" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener sponsored">channel</a>), but I don't want my subscribers to limit themselves to my channel only. Instead, I would recommend to my subscribers, that they should also try to brush up more via official documentation or books. 



There are also two more reason behind documentations, 



<ul><li>Documentation will cover more insights into the topic that a video tutorial cannot cover. </li><li>In the industry world, mostly the task is given in the documentation, So many developers will feel nasty in reading the long written text. So reading documentation and books is extremely important.</li></ul>



I would say you can follow the below approach - A Combination Approach: In this approach you can start a topic with a "Video Tutorial" followed by "Documentation or Books".



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Combination-Approach-1024x1024.png" alt="tips for new developers - ittwist" class="wp-image-2197" width="768" height="768"/></figure></div>



<h4>#2 Tip - Build some stuff and put it on GitHub:</h4>



Only reading and watching videos will definitely not make you a better developer, unless you cannot innovate and build something using that knowledge. So hands-on are equally important, so I would recommend if you are a new developer you can definitely learn the content via documentation and video tutorials as stated in the previous step and then create something out of it and publish the same on GitHub. This is our #2 - top tips for new developers and IT Students.



Theoretical and Practical knowledge together is the go to thing, It will make a you a much great programmer for a long run.



Suppose, you are learning Python, you can build your command into that by learning the basics thereby you can create something out of it, Like a GUI Application that can automate something. Don't feel underestimate anytime, that your project is too small it is not worthy to be on GitHub. I would say, something is still better than nothing.



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img src="https://api.ittwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Publishing-project-1024x1024.png" alt="tips for new developers - ittwist" class="wp-image-2198" width="768" height="768"/></figure></div>



<h4>#3 Tip - Take #100DaysofCode Challenge:</h4>



Do you know doing a specific thing regularly over 100days can create a huge impact in building a skill instead of doing things not regular? So, you can take the <code>#100DaysofCode</code> Challenge, in which you can code every day at least for 1 hour without a fail for 100 days. This is our #3 - top tips for new developers and IT Students.You can post a tweet on Twitter



"Day number - Topic you Studied #100DaysOfCode <code>#Ittwist</code> <code>@Ittwist</code>"



You can include <code>#Ittwist</code> hashtag or tag us at <code>@Ittwist</code> so that We can also track your progress over the time :). 



For example, Themik has tweeted, Day Number - Topic that he studied, and hashtags. So, <code>#100DaysofCode</code> will help Themik in different ways, in setting a roadmap that he needs to do in 100 Days, Regular coding for 100days will help him in acquiring theoretical and practical knowledge. Moreover, he can interact with fellow people having the same interest by looking into similar hashtags. Sounds Promising right :). Looking forward to seeing you taking the <code>#100DaysofCode</code> Challenge.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://twitter.com/SharmaThemik/status/1416435158069104640
</div></figure>



<h4>#4 Tip - Build Networking:</h4>



Building Networking is extremely important, it will not only help you in improving your IT skills but also help you in landing some of the coolest jobs as well. Networking is our #4 - top tips for new developers and IT Students. In this point, I will tell you some of the tips on which you can build networking.



<div class="wp-block-group">
<ul><li>First and foremost, you can start contributing to some of the open-source projects. Now the point is how should I start contributing to open-source projects, well you can easily find open source projects online, I would suggest you start thinking about your passions and start involving in some open source projects. Consider an example below.</li></ul>



Suppose, Person A likes Development on Linux, he can start contributing to some of the Linux open-source projects like Gnome, You can simply go to the gnome website and you can easily find the start a <a href="https://www.gnome.org/get-involved/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">contributions</a> tab.



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Just like this, you can easily find other open source projects and start involving in it. 
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<ul><li>Secondly, you can build your connection via LinkedIn. You can contribute with like-minded people who are experts in any field and seek their guidance.</li></ul>



<ul><li>Further, you can also start actively participate in some blogs, get some insights and seek mentor-ship of the blog experts as well.</li></ul>



<ul><li>Lastly, As we have suggested in our tip number #3, you can start taking the <code>#100DaysOfCode</code> challenge on Twitter and connect with the people taking the challenge along with you. I must say coding in the group is great fun, where you can talk about different approaches to the same problem and can get a great solution even, this concludes in great learning. :) </li></ul>



<h4>#5 Tip - Error is your best Friend:</h4>



Yes indeed you saw right, Error is your best friend that is our last #5 - top tips for new developers and IT Students. Many people think the error is a bad thing, but I would say, it's better to encounter an error while development (not a good thing in production definitely ;) ). An error will embrace your learning and will help you develop an understanding more about that topic. An error can also help you with developing thinking that how you can handle the error in production.



I would say the more you encounter with an error during your development journey, the more learning a person will have. This will help you in building an experience in the longer run, that you might know during your development that if I follow this approach then an error can land up in production.



Also, the people working in the production bug-fixes can easily fix an error if they have faced them earlier during their development journey.







Finally in order to sum up, here is a cheat-sheet by <a href="https://ittwist.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">Ittwist</a>.



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If you have any queries or suggestions, please write in the comment section below.

Get the top 5 golden tips for new developers and IT Students which can definitely help in boosting up your career.